Mondo’s country reports propose different perspectives about the selected country. Why different persectives? Because one perspective - for instance macroeconomic - or one set of indicators does not give a honest and unbiased depiction of the country’s economic profile. The beginning of the XXIst century is characterized by global forces, and thus, data collected at the national level by statistical agencies do not render a full image of a country’s economy. Although we use national data anyway, we add other data sources and we propose a collection of perspectives in order to contextualize the story told by the data presented here.

General Macroeconomic Indicators in Singapore

First, let us start with a general bird’s eye view of the country. In this context, we use a very conventional approach by highlighting some classical indicators, such as production, though we propose a harmonized perspective throughout all this report.

A macroeconomic perspective will provide a broad picture, which will help us compare with other countries. Now, we need to keep in mind that a macroeconomic perspective gives us an idea of what makes a national economy, but we also need to understand what part of this economy will contribute to the international attractiveness of this economy. For that matter, we will add below international trade data, and some information about foreign direct investments in order to capture the level of attractiveness of a country.

GDP Growth

- GDP (constant LCU): GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant local currency.

Graph 1: GDP (constant LCU)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files. 



- GDP growth (annual %): Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2000 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

Graph 2: GDP growth (annual %)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.

Unemployment

- Unemployment, total (% of total labor force): Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country. 
- Long-term unemployment (% of total unemployment): Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.

Graph 3: Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) & Long-term unemployment (% of total unemployment)



Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database.

Inflation

- Inflation, consumer prices (annual %): Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used. 
- Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %): Inflation as measured by the annual growth rate of the GDP implicit deflator shows the rate of price change in the economy as a whole. The GDP implicit deflator is the ratio of GDP in current local currency to GDP in constant local currency.

Graph 4: Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) & Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.

Public Finance Indicators

Public finance indicators are interesting for they bring a temporal perspective to a country’s analysis. Indeed, public finance indicators provide a medium or long-term perspective. They can also serve as a way to get an idea about the risk profile of a country.

- Cash surplus/deficit (current LCU): Cash surplus or deficit is revenue (including grants) minus expense, minus net acquisition of nonfinancial assets. In the 1986 GFS manual nonfinancial assets were included under revenue and expenditure in gross terms. This cash surplus or deficit is closest to the earlier overall budget balance (still missing is lending minus repayments, which are now a financing item under net acquisition of financial assets).

Graph 5: Cash surplus/deficit (current LCU)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files. 



- Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP): Cash surplus or deficit is revenue (including grants) minus expense, minus net acquisition of nonfinancial assets. In the 1986 GFS manual nonfinancial assets were included under revenue and expenditure in gross terms. This cash surplus or deficit is closest to the earlier overall budget balance (still missing is lending minus repayments, which are now a financing item under net acquisition of financial assets).

Graph 6: Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates.



- Central government debt, total (% of GDP): Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term contractual obligations to others outstanding on a particular date. It includes domestic and foreign liabilities such as currency and money deposits, securities other than shares, and loans. It is the gross amount of government liabilities reduced by the amount of equity and financial derivatives held by the government. Because debt is a stock rather than a flow, it is measured as of a given date, usually the last day of the fiscal year.

Graph 7: Central government debt, total (% of GDP)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates.



- Real interest rate (%): Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the GDP deflator.

Graph 8: Real interest rate (%)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files using World Bank data on the GDP deflator.


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Structural Indicators in Singapore

Here, thanks to these structural indicators, we want to dwelve a little more into the reasons why a country has created the macroeconomic results we have seen before. We address questions such as what is the share of the population being employed? Or is the economy able to maximize the use of the younger generation?

Gross Fixed Capital Formation

- Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP): Gross fixed capital formation (formerly gross domestic fixed investment) includes land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation.

Graph 9: Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.

Employment Rate

- Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%): Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.

Graph 10: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database.

Labor Force Participation Rate (15-24 years)

- Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24):

Graph 11: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24)


Data:** Download CSV File
Africa Development Indicators**:

Youth Unemployement

- Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24): Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.

Graph 12: Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database.


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Demographic Analysis in Singapore

Related to the previous section, we want to investigate here the demographic profile of a country. This section of the report provides a long-term perspective on the risks and potential growth of a country.

Country Population

Table 1: Population of the Country

Sources : World Bank and Mondo International Data

World Population

Table 2: Top 10 Most Populated Countries in the World

Sources : World Bank and Mondo International Data

Population in the Largest City (% of urban population)

- Population in the largest city (% of urban population): Population in largest city is the percentage of a country's urban population living in that country's largest metropolitan area.

Graph 13: Population in the largest city (% of urban population)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects.


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Social and Societal Perspectives in Singapore

Among the whole set of available indicators, the social and societal variables bring an interesting perspective about the social dynamics within a country. Is the wealth well spread among the civil society? What about inequalities? What about the quality of life?

GINI Index

- GINI index: Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Graph 14: GINI index


No data available
Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).


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Health

- Health expenditure, public (% of GDP): Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds. 
- Health expenditure, private (% of GDP): Private health expenditure includes direct household (out-of-pocket) spending, private insurance, charitable donations, and direct service payments by private corporations.

Graph 15: Health expenditure, public (% of GDP)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Health Organization National Health Account database (see http://apps.who.int/nha/database for the most recent updates).



- Out-of-pocket health expenditure (% of total expenditure on health): Out of pocket expenditure is any direct outlay by households, including gratuities and in-kind payments, to health practitioners and suppliers of pharmaceuticals, therapeutic appliances, and other goods and services whose primary intent is to contribute to the restoration or enhancement of the health status of individuals or population groups. It is a part of private health expenditure.

Graph 16: Out-of-pocket health expenditure (% of total expenditure on health)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Health Organization National Health Account database (see http://apps.who.int/nha/database for the most recent updates).



- Life expectancy at birth, total (years): Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

Graph 17: Life expectancy at birth, total (years)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: Derived from male and female life expectancy at birth from sources such as: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Reprot (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.

Education

- Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure): Public expenditure on education as % of total government expenditure is the total public education expenditure (current and capital) expressed as a percentage of total government expenditure for all sectors in a given financial year. Public education expenditure includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration, and subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities).

Graph 18: Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: UNESCO Institute for Statistics



- Public current education expenditure (% of total education expenditure): Public current expenditure on education as % of total public education expenditure is the recurrent public education expenditure expressed as a percentage of total public expenditure on education (current and capital) in a given financial year.

Graph 19: Public current education expenditure (% of total education expenditure)


Data:** Download CSV File
Education Statistics**: UNESCO Institute for Statistics



- Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above): Adult (15+) literacy rate (%). Total is the percentage of the population age 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life. Generally, <e2><80><98>literacy<e2><80><99> also encompasses <e2><80><98>numeracy<e2><80><99>, the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. This indicator is calculated by dividing the number of literates aged 15 years and over by the corresponding age group population and multiplying the result by 100.

Graph 20: Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: UNESCO Institute for Statistics

Living Standards

- Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population): Population below $1.25 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $1.25 a day at 2005 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Graph 21: Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)

No data available
Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm). 



- GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$): GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant U.S. dollars.

Graph 22: GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.


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Innovation Indicators in Singapore

At the beginning of the XXIst century, countries live through the fourth industrial revolution. Which countries are the core countries of this revolution? Which are at the periphery? In this context, another interesting perspective consists in capturing the entrepreneurial and innovative dynamics of a country. It provides a medium-term perspective about the future of the country in terms of competitiveness and attractiveness.

Research and Development

- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP): Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Graph 23: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics. 
- High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports): High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.

Graph 24: High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: United Nations, Comtrade database.



- Researchers in R&D (per million people): Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.

Graph 25: Researchers in R&D (per million people)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.



- ICT service exports (% of service exports, BoP): Information and communication technology service exports include computer and communications services (telecommunications and postal and courier services) and information services (computer data and news-related service transactions). 
- ICT goods exports (% of total goods exports): Information and communication technology goods exports include telecommunications, audio and video, computer and related equipment; electronic components; and other information and communication technology goods. Software is excluded.

Graph 26: ICT service exports (% of service exports, BoP) & ICT goods exports (% of total goods exports)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files.

Scientific Publications

- Scientific and technical journal articles: Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences.

Graph 27: Scientific and technical journal articles


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators.

Patents

- Patent applications, nonresidents: Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years. 
- Patent applications, residents: Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

Graph 28: Patent applications, nonresidents & Patent applications, residents


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), World Intellectual Property Indicators and www.wipo.int/econ_stat. The International Bureau of WIPO assumes no responsibility with respect to the transformation of these data.


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International Macroeconomic Indicators in Singapore

In the previous sections, we have enumerated the factors that crafted an economy. In this section, we look at what the rest of the world finds interesting in the country. We look here at the value added proposed by the country to its global partners. We provide data here on the global stance of the country.

Current Account Balance

- Current account balance (% of GDP): Current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods, services, net income, and net current transfers.

Graph 29: Current account balance (% of GDP)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates.

International Trade Partners (all economic sectors)

  • International business (exhanges) are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting country or territory (f.o.b. valuation).

Figure 1. Exports from Singapore

Sources : OECD and Mondo International Data

Note:

  • This graphics can be read as follow : 10.1% of Singapore exports in all sector goes to China ( 10.1 %).

Figure 2. Imports from Singapore

Sources: OECD and Mondo International Data

Note:

  • This graphics can be read as follow : 15.06% of Singapore imports in this sector comes from United States ( 15.06 %)


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International Profile in Singapore

We look here at the level of attractiveness of a country measured by the foreign direct investment inflows.

Foreign Direct Investments

- Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP): Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors, and is divided by GDP.

Graph 30: Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) & Patent applications, residents


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and Balance of Payments databases, World Bank, Global Development Finance, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates.

International Trade (by sectors)


Figure 3. Sectorial Commercial Surplus (% of GDP)


Sources : OECD and Mondo International Data
Graph 31: Exportations and Importations in Singapore (Constant US Dollar 2010)
Sources: World Trade Organization and Mondo International Data



Graph 32: Exportations and Importations in details (Constant US Dollar 2010)

No data available Sources: World Trade Organization and Mondo International Data

Most Important Trade Sectors

The manufacturing sector analysis of a country is a value-added that we insert in the country report. This analysis allows us to take precise planning decisions with forecasts of prices, wages, number of establishments and number of employees in the manufacturing sector. Moreover, it will allow us to get in touch with underlying tendencies and actual cost movements. Finally, users may benefit from this expertise for its economic forecasting capacity.

These tables emphasize the manufacturing capacity of the country’s best sub-sectors. Thus, we easily note which sub-sectors are the most competitive and which are the most relevant for each manufacturing industry. Moreover, the added-value allows us to build a proxy on the store of value within the industry and the production value informs us on the most representative sectors in terms of the selected country GDP.

Table 3: Added Value ranking


Isic Definition



Sources : United Nation Industrial Development Organization and Mondo International Data

Note : This ranking is made by analyzing the variable Added-Value for the first 20 industries.



Table 4: Output ranking


Isic Definition



Sources : United Nation Industrial Development Organization and Mondo International Data

Note : This ranking is made by analyzing the variable Production Value in constant $US for the first 20 industries.

Least Important Trade Sectors



Table 5: Added Value Ranking


Isic Definition



Sources : United Nation Industrial Development Organization and Mondo International Data

Note : This ranking is made by analyzing the variable Added-Value for the last 20 industries



Table 6: Output Value Ranking


Isic Definition



Sources : United Nation Industrial Development Organization and Mondo International Data

Note : This ranking is made by analyzing the variable Production (constant $US) for the last 20 industries.


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Business Analysis in Singapore

In this section, we enter into a more granular perspective: the firm level. We want to address questions such as the factors that make a country interesting to own or start a business. It provides a short term profile and risk assesment about a country’s future. To go further, you can use some of our Mondo’s apps that are specifically designed to analyze global companies.

Ease of Doing Business

- Ease of doing business index (1=most business-friendly regulations): Ease of doing business ranks economies from 1 to 183, with first place being the best. A high ranking (a low numerical rank) means that the regulatory environment is conducive to business operation. The index averages the country's percentile rankings on 10 topics covered in the World Bank's Doing Business. The ranking on each topic is the simple average of the percentile rankings on its component indicators.

Graph 33: Ease of doing business index (1=most business-friendly regulations)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).

New Businesses Registered

- New businesses registered (number): New businesses registered are the number of new limited liability corporations registered in the calendar year.

Graph 34: New businesses registered (number)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Bank’s Entrepreneurship Survey and database (http://econ.worldbank.org/research/entrepreneurship).

Starting a Business Costs in Singapore

- Cost of business start-up procedures (% of GNI per capita): Cost to register a business is normalized by presenting it as a percentage of gross national income (GNI) per capita.

Graph 35: Cost of business start-up procedures (% of GNI per capita)


Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).

Corruption

  • The CPI scores and ranks countries/territories based on how corrupt a country’s public sector is perceived to be. It is a composite index, a combination of surveys and assessments of corruption, collected by a variety of independent institutions specialising in governance and business climate analysis. For a country/territory to be included in the ranking, it must be included in a minimum of three of the CPI’s data sources. If a country is not featured in the ranking, then this is solely because of insufficient survey information and not an indication that corruption does not exist in the country. In 2013, 177 countries and territories were included in the index.

Map 1: Corruption Perception Index - 2015


Data:** Download CSV File
Extern Link:** Access to the Website 



- CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high): Transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector assess the extent to which the executive can be held accountable for its use of funds and for the results of its actions by the electorate and by the legislature and judiciary, and the extent to which public employees within the executive are required to account for administrative decisions, use of resources, and results obtained. The three main dimensions assessed here are the accountability of the executive to oversight institutions and of public employees for their performance, access of civil society to information on public affairs, and state capture by narrow vested interests.

Graph 36: CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high)

No data available
Data:** Download CSV File
World Development Indicators**: World Bank Group, CPIA database (http://www.worldbank.org/ida).


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Companies’ Analysis in Singapore

Again, we dig in a little more into the firm level. We provide a set of indicators in order to capture how an economy perform and can help its own businesses to grow and thrive.

Most Important Companies in Research & Development

Table 7 : R&D Companies Ranking per Industry
No data available
Sources : European Commission (Iri) and Mondo International Data

Figure 4: Evolution of the most important compagnies in R&D (since 2012)


Sources : European Commission (Iri) and Mondo International Data


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